Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁éḱwos
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This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European[edit]
Alternative reconstructions[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Usually explained as a derivation of the adjective *h₁éḱus (“quick, swift”), also seen in e.g. Ancient Greek ὠκύς (ōkús), Latin ōcior (“faster”) and Sanskrit आशु (āśú, “fast, quick”) (all < PIE *h₁oh₁ḱus (“swift”)). The thematic derivation would express association with a root noun *h₁eḱ- (“swiftness, celerity”), thus denoting “that which has swiftness” or “the swift one”. The adjective would have to be derived from the root by reduplication, which is unusual in PIE nominal word formation. Many linguists therefore reject it as popular etymology and suggest other sources:
- Kulanda 2008 argues that the PIE word is borrowed from North Caucasian; compare Kabardian шы (šə), Abkhaz аҽы (aĉə), Avar чу (ču), Karata ичва (ičʷa, “mare”), Lezgi шив (šiv, “horse”) etc. (NCED 520). This etymology has been criticized by Matasović 2012:291 who argues that the direction of borrowing is probably from PIE into North Caucasian: steppe horses were probably traded for Mesopotamian imports on the North Caucasus in the Eneolithic period. The fact that we find fricatives and affricates in the Caucasian reflexes of this word indicates that the source could have been an IE dialect of the satem type.
- Blažek 2019 proposes that PIE is borrowed from Proto-Yeniseian *ʔɨʔχ-*kuʔs "male horse"
The original thematic form is also disputed. According to Kloekhorst (2008), the original derivation was a u-stem, to which Anatolian reflexes point particularly, which presume a Proto-Anatolian u-stem *h₁éḱu-, as opposed to the thematic (o-stem) derivation in all the other PIE branches. There is no known phonological development through which PIE *h₁eḱwo- could yield PAnat. *h₁eḱu-, and in view of the productivity of the o-stem inflection in Anatolian it is unlikely that PIE *h₁eḱwo- would have yielded PAnat. *h₁éḱu- through secondary developments. We therefore must conclude that the Proto-Anatolian u-stem *h₁éḱu- reflects the original state of affairs and that the thematicization as visible in the non-Anatolian IE languages (which would be a trivial development) must be regarded as a common innovation of them. In other words, this is a piece of evidence supportive of the Indo-Hittite hypothesis. In that case, the original paradigm would have been *h₁éḱ-u-s, *h₁éḱ-u-m, *h₁ḱ-u-és, from the stem *h₁eḱ-u- (“swift”).
Noun[edit]
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*h₁éḱwos m[4]
Inflection[edit]
| Thematic | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | |||
| nominative | *h₁éḱwos | ||
| genitive | *h₁éḱwosyo | ||
| singular | dual | plural | |
| nominative | *h₁éḱwos | *h₁éḱwoh₁ | *h₁éḱwoes |
| vocative | *h₁éḱwe | *h₁éḱwoh₁ | *h₁éḱwoes |
| accusative | *h₁éḱwom | *h₁éḱwoh₁ | *h₁éḱwoms |
| genitive | *h₁éḱwosyo | *? | *h₁éḱwoHom |
| ablative | *h₁éḱwead | *? | *h₁éḱwomos |
| dative | *h₁éḱwoey | *? | *h₁éḱwomos |
| locative | *h₁éḱwey, *h₁éḱwoy | *? | *h₁éḱwoysu |
| instrumental | *h₁éḱwoh₁ | *? | *h₁éḱwōys |
Descendants[edit]
- Proto-Anatolian: *ʔéḱus
- Armenian:
- ⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *éśwāˀ (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Celtic: *ekʷos (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *ehwaz (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *íkkʷos (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háćwas (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *ekwos (see there for further descendants)
- Phrygian: [script needed] (es')
- Thracian: [script needed] (esvas)
- Proto-Tocharian: *yäkwe (see there for further descendants)
References[edit]
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
- ^ Kloekhorst 2008:239
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “equus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 192-193
- ^ EIEC p. 273
- Pokorny, Julius (1959) chapter 301, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 301
- Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 10
- Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 273f
- Sergei Kulanda (2008), Лошадь в праиндоевропейском, - Orientalia et Classica XIX: Аспекты компаративистики 3. Москва, pages 669-678.
- Ranko Matasović (2012), Areal Typology of Proto-Indo-European: The Case for Caucasian Connections. Transactions of the Philological Society, Volume 110, Issue 2, pages 283–310
- Václav Blažek (2019) "Toward the question of Yeniseian homeland in perspective of toponymy"